• Detail the clinical effects of Brown snake envenomation.
• Understand the differences in the toxicity of different species of Pseudonaja.
• Detail the appropriate first aid for snake bites.
• Understand the indications for Brown snake antivenom.
• Understand how to monitor victims of Brown snake bite and how long asymptomatic patients should be observed in hospital.
• Understand the pros and cons of pre-treatment prior to administering antivenom.
• Understand when fresh frozen plasma should be administered for coagulopathy following brown snake envenomation.

• WikiTox Brown Snakes

• Detail the clinical effects of Taipan envenomation.
• Appreciate the rapid time course following Taipan envenomation and the severity of effects.
• Understand the indications for Taipan antivenom.
• Understand how to monitor victims of Taipan snake bite and how long asymptomatic patients should be observed in hospital.
• Understand the risk of serum sickness following antivenom administration and the potential role for prophylactic corticosteroids.

• Wikitox Taipan

• Detail the clinical effects of Tiger snake envenomation and related species.
• Understand the differences in the toxicity of different species of Notechis, Austrelaps, Tropidechis and Hoplocephalus.
• Understand the indications for Tiger snake antivenom.
• Understand how to monitor victims of Tiger snake bite.
• Understand the pros and cons of pre-treatment prior to administering antivenom.
• Understand when fresh frozen plasma should be administered for coagulopathy following Tiger snake envenomation.

• Tiger Snakes and Clinically Related Species ( Rough scale snakes, Copperhead snakes, Broad-headed snakes)

• Understand the distribution of these snakes
• Compare the toxicity of Mulga, Collett’s and Butler’s Mulga snakes with the other members of the genus Pseudechis.
• List the investigations required for monitoring a bitten patient.
• Detail the indications for antivenom treatment.

• WikiTox Mulga, Collett's, Butler's Mulga and Eastern small eyed Snakes

• To understand the clinical effects of Death Adder envenomation.
• Describe the management of Death Adder envenomation.
• Discuss therapies other than antivenom and when these may be indicated.
• Comment on the prognosis of treated Death Adder envenomation and the response to antivenom.

• WikiTox Death Adders

• Detail the clinical effects of Black snake envenomation and related species.
• Understand the differences in the toxicity of different species of Pseudechis and Demansia.
• Understand the indications for Tiger snake antivenom and why this is preferable to Black snake antivenom.
• Understand how to monitor victims of Black and Whip snake bite

• WikiTox Black Snakes

1. Yeung JM, Little M, Murray LM, Jelinek GA, Daly FFS. Antivenom dosing in 35 patients with severe brown snake (Pseudonaja) envenoming in Western Australia over 10 years.Med J Aust 2004;181:703-705. (fulltext)
2. Johnston MA, Fatovich DM, Haig AD, Daly FFS. Successful resuscitation after cardiac arrest following massive brown snake envenomation. Med J Aust 2002;177:646-649. (fulltext)
3. Isbister GK, O’Leary MA, Schneider JJ, et al. Efficacy of antivenom against the procoagulant effect of Australian brown snake (Pseudonaja sp.) venom: In vivo and in vitro studies. Toxicon 2007;49:57-67.
4. Southern DA, Callanan VI, Gordon GS. Severe envenomation by the taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus). Med J Aust 1996;165:662-664.
5. Lalloo DG, Trevett AJ, Warrell DA. Severe envenomation by the taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus).[letter] Med J Aust 1996;167:54-55.
6. Sutherland SK, Tibballs J. Oxyuranus microlepidotus: the small-scaled or fierce snake. Australian Animal Toxins. 2nd Edition Melbourne: Oxford University Press; 2001. p. 187-193.
7. Jelinek GA, Rogers IR, Corkeron MA, O’Donnell A. Severe multi-system failure following delayed presentation with tiger snake envenomation. Anaesth Intensive Care 1998;26:584-585.
8. Parkin JD, Ibrahim K, Dauer RJ, Braitberg G. Prothrombin activation in eastern tiger snake bite. Pathology 2002;34(2):162-166.
9. Isbister GK, Currie BJ, Little M, Daly FFS, Isbister JP. Coagulopathy from tiger snake envenoming and its treatment [correspondence]. Pathology. 2002;34(6):588-590.
10. Patten BR, Pearn JH, DeBuse P, Burke J, Covacevich J. Prolonged intensive therapy after snake bite. Med J Aust 1985;142:467-469.
11. Campbell CH. Fatal case of mulga (Pseudechis australis) snakebite. [letter] Med J Aust 1969;1(8):426.
12. Rowlands JB. Mastaglia FL. Kakulas BA. Hainsworth D. Clinical and pathological aspects of a fatal case of mulga (Pseudechis australis) snakebite. Med J Aust 1969;1:226-30.
13. Sutherland SK, Tibballs J. Australian Animal Toxins. 2nd Edition. Melbourne: Oxford University Press; 2001. p. 203-208.
14. Lalloo DG, Trevett AJ, Black J, Mapaoj et al. Neurotoxicity, anticoagulant activity and evidence of rhabdomyolysis in patients bitten by death adders (Acanthophis sp.) in southern Papua New Guinea. Quarterly J Med 1996;89:25-35.
15. Currie B, Fitzmaurice M, Oakley J. Resolution of neurotoxicity with anticholinesterase therapy in death-adder envenomation. Med J Aust 1988;148:522-525.
16. Pearn J, McGuire B, McGuire L, Richardson P. The envenomation syndrome caused by the Australian Red-bellied Black Snake Pseudechis porphyriacus. Toxicon 2000;38:1715-1729.
17. Naja melanoleuca. Also available
18. Crotalus atrox. Also available
19. Hung DZ, Wu ML, Deng JF, Lin-Shiau SY. Russell’s viper snakebite in Taiwan: differences from other Asian countries. Toxicon 2002;40:1291-8

From PubMed search: isbister gk, o'leary…

• Cross-neutralisation of Australian brown and tiger snake venoms with commercial antivenoms: Cross-reactivity or antivenom mixtures?
• Efficacy of antivenom against the procoagulant effect of Australian brown snake (Pseudonaja sp.) venom: in vivo and in vitro studies.
• Enzyme immunoassays in brown snake (Pseudonaja spp.) envenoming: detecting venom, antivenom and venom-antivenom complexes.
• Use of high performance liquid chromatography to measure tetrodotoxin in serum and urine of poisoned patients.