See Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

(e.g. antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihistamines, Brugmansia (Datura))

• Dry skin
• Hyperthermia
• Thirst
• Dry mouth
• Dilated pupils
• Tachycardia
• Urinary retention
• Slowed gastric emptying
• Decreased bowel sounds
• Delirium
• Hallucinations

• Muscarinic effects
• Nicotinic effects

See organophosphates and carbamates.

• defaecation
• urination
• miosis (small pupils)
• bradycardia
• emesis
• lachrymation
• increased secretions
• sweating

• tachycardia
• hypertension
• muscle fasciculation
• paralysis

(e.g. heroin, morphine, methadone, codeine)

• CNS depression
• Hypoventilation
• Hypotension
• Miosis
• Pulmonary oedema
• Rapid response to naloxone

Also see differential diagnosis of coma and explore the opioid module.

(e.g. amphetamines, theophylline, salbutamol, cocaine)

• CNS excitation
• Seizures
• Tremor
• Hyperreflexia
• Hyper/hypotension
• Tachycardia
• Low potassium, raised blood glucose, acidosis

Also, see differential diagnosis of sympathomimetic syndrome

and explore Theophylline, MAO Inhibitor and Cocaine

e.g. MAO inhibitors, clomipramine, SSRIs, tryptophan (particularly in combination).

A primary neuroexcitation spectrum of toxicity involving predominantly 5-HT2 receptors with abnormalities of

• Mental status
  • agitation/restlessness/confusion/hypomania
• Motor system
  • clonus/myoclonus
    • inducible/spontaneous/ocular
  • tremor/shivering
  • hyperreflexia/hypertonia/rigidity
• Autonomic nervous system
  • diaphoresis/tachycardia/flushing/mydriasis

Explore serotonin toxicity module
Explore MAO inhibitor module
Explore selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor module
Explore tricyclic antidepressant module